TTC Video - Никаких Оправданий - Экзистенциализм и Значение Жизни / TTC Video - No Excuses - Existentialism and the Meaning of Life

TTC Video - Никаких Оправданий - Экзистенциализм и Значение Жизни / TTC Video - No Excuses - Existentialism and the Meaning of Life

Автор: Professor Robert C. Solomon
Страна: США
Тематика: Философия
Тип раздаваемого материала: Видеоурок
Продолжительность: 24 лекций по 30 мин
Год выпуска: 2010
Язык: Английский
Перевод: Отсутствует
(ENG) Existentialism - a philosophical theory or approach that emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will.
Encyclopedic information: generally taken to originate with Kierkegaard and Nietzsche, existentialism tends to be atheistic (although there is a strand of Christian existentialism deriving from the work of Kierkegaard), to disparage scientific knowledge, and to deny the existence of objective values, stressing instead the reality and significance of human freedom and experience. The approach was developed chiefly in 20th-century Europe, notably by Martin Heidegger, Jean-Paul Sartre, Albert Camus, and Simone de Beauvoir.
Origin: translating Danish 'existents-forhold' - ‘condition of existence’ (frequently used by Kierkegaard), from existential.
(RUS) Экзистенциализм - философская теория или подход, который подчеркивает существование отдельного человека как свободный и ответственный агент, определяющий их собственное развитие через акты желания.
Энциклопедическая информация: вообще взятый, чтобы произойти с Киркегэардом и Ницше, экзистенциализм имеет тенденцию быть атеистическим (хотя есть берег христианского экзистенциализма, происходящего из работы Kierkegaard), чтобы осуждать научные знания, и отрицать существование объективных ценностей, подчеркивая вместо этого действительность и значение человеческой свободы и опыта. Подход был развит в основном в 20-ом столетии Европа, особенно Мартином Хеидеггером, Жан-Полем Сартром, Альбером Камю, и Симон де Бовуаром.
Происхождение: перевод датского языка 'existents-forhold' - ‘условие существования’ (часто используемый Киркегэардом), от экзистенциального.

Подробное описание на английском
'The message of Existentialism, unlike that of many more obscure and academic philosophical movements, is about as simple as can be. It is that every one of us, as an individual, is responsible-responsible for what we do, responsible for who we are, responsible for the way we face and deal with the world, responsible, ultimately, for the way the world is.
'It is, in a very short phrase, the philosophy of 'No excuses!' We cannot shift that burden onto God, or nature, or the ways of the world.'
-Professor Robert Solomon
If you believe that life should be a quest for values, reasons, and purpose-filled with passion and governed by individual responsibility-then yours is the sort of mind to which the Existentialist philosophers were speaking.
More than a half-century after it burst upon the intellectual scene, Existentialism has continued to exert a profound attraction for individuals driven to re-examine life's most fundamental questions of individual responsibility, morality, and personal freedom.
* What is life?
* What is my place in it?
* What choices does this obligate me to make?
If you want to enrich your own understanding of this unique philosophical movement, the visionary thinkers it brought together to ponder these questions, and the prominent role it still plays in contemporary thought, you now have an opportunity to do so with this 24-lecture course.
Professor Solomon is Quincy Lee Centennial Professor of Business and Philosophy at The University of Texas at Austin. He has written several books on a variety of philosophical topics that have been translated into more than a dozen languages.
He is the recipient of teaching awards and honors, including the Standard Oil Outstanding Teaching Award, The University of Texas Presidential Associates' Teaching Award (twice), a Fulbright Lecture Award, University Research and National Endowment for the Humanities grants, and the Chad Oliver Plan II Teaching Award. He is also a member of the Academy of Distinguished Teachers.
What is Existentialism?
Existentialism is a movement, a 'sensibility' that can be traced throughout the history of Western philosophy. Its central themes are:
* Significance of the individual
* Importance of passion
* Irrational aspects of life
* Importance of human freedom.
'Existentialism is, in my view, the most exciting and important philosophical movement of the past century and a half,' states Professor Solomon.
'Fifty years after the French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre gave it its identity, and 150 years after the Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard gave it its initial impetus, Existentialism continues to win new enthusiasts and, in keeping with its still exciting and revolutionary message, vehement critics.'
In this series you:
* Explore the religious Existentialism of Kierkegaard
* Hear the warrior rhetoric and often-shocking claims about religion and morality of Nietzsche
* Absorb the bold and profound fiction of Camus
* Comprehend the radical and uncompromising notion of freedom championed by Sartre
* Consider the searching analysis of human historicity and finitude offered by Martin Heidegger.
You see how these thinkers relate to one another and to the larger tradition of philosophy itself.
'This lesson taught me how to think-not what to think,' writes customer Tony Pope of Auke Bay, Alaska.
Beyond Its Basic Message, Nothing Straightforward About It
To say that the basic message of Existentialism is quite simple and straightforward is not to say that the philosophers or the philosophies that make up the movement are simple and straightforward.
The movement itself is something of a fabrication. None of the major Existentialist figures-only excepting Sartre-would recognize themselves as part of a 'movement' at all. Kierkegaard and Nietzsche were both ferocious individualists who vehemently rejected all movements.
Heidegger was deeply offended when he was linked with Sartre as one of the Existentialists, and he publicly denounced the association. Camus and Sartre once were friends, but they quarreled over politics and Camus publicly rejected the association.
The Existentialists' writings, too, are by no means simple and straightforward. Kierkegaard and Nietzsche write well but in challenging, often disjointed exhortations.
Heidegger is among the most difficult writers in the entire history of philosophy, and even Sartre-a lucid literary writer when he wants to be-imitates some of the worst elements of Heidegger's notorious style.
Much of the challenge of this course of lectures, accordingly, is to free the exciting and revolutionary message of Existentialism from its often formidable textual enclosures.
The Great Existentialist Writers
Albert Camus, Lectures 1-6. After an introduction to Existentialism, the course begins with a discussion of the 20th-century writer and philosopher Camus (1913-60). Chronologically, Camus is late in the game (you trace Existentialist ideas as far back as Kierkegaard and Nietzsche in the mid-19th century).
You start with his most famous novel, The Stranger, published in the early 1940s. You also examine The Myth of Sisyphus, in which he introduces his infamous concept of 'The Absurd'; The Plague; and The Fall.
Professor Solomon's aim in opening with Camus is to 'set a certain mood for the rest of the course, a rebellious, restless, yet thoroughly conscientious mood, which I believe Camus exemplifies both in his writings and in his life.'
Søren Kierkegaard, Lectures 7-9. Danish philosopher Kierkegaard (1813-55) was a deeply religious philosopher-a pious Christian-and his Existentialist thought was devoted to the question, 'What does it mean to be-or rather, what does it mean to become-a Christian?'
'We should thus be advised that, contrary to some popular misunderstandings, Existentialism is by no means an antireligious or unspiritual philosophy. It can and often does embrace God, as well as a host of visions of the world that we can, without apology, call spiritual,' notes Dr. Solomon.
Friedrich Nietzsche, Lectures 10-13 . Nietzsche (1844-1900) is perhaps best known for his bold de